Shorenstein Distinguished Fellow, The Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University. Former President, The Brookings Institution. Former positions with the U.S. Department of State: Member, Policy Planning and Coordination Staff; Special Assistant to the U.S. Ambassador to Japan; Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs; Ambassador to the Philippines; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs; U.S. Ambassador to Japan; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense.